The differences have been attributed to several factors, including age, gender, facial anatomy, metabolism, oral hygiene, parafunctions, general health, nutritional status, systematic illnesses, osteoporosis, medications and the amount of time the patient has been edentulous. Differences in the amount and rate of alveolar bone loss exist between individuals. It can cause physical, psychological and economic problems for individuals ( Singh et al., 2016). It is a chronic, progressive and irreversible condition ( Kumar et al., 2016). Its degree and rate may influence residual alveolar bone height. Residual ridge resorption (RRR) describes changes of alveolar ridge as a result of tooth extractions.
